Nineteen Topics. One Price.

Actus reus, mens rea, causation, strict liability, transferred malice, coincidence. The foundation every other topic builds on.

Common-law definition, actus reus, mens rea (express & implied malice). Includes Vickers, Cunningham [1981], AG's Ref No 3 of 1994.

Coroners and Justice Act 2009 ss.54–55. Qualifying triggers, normal-person test, post-Clinton sexual-infidelity ruling. Partial defence to murder.

Homicide Act 1957 s.2 (as amended by Coroners and Justice Act 2009). The four-element test plus Golds, Wilcocks, Dietschmann.

Constructive manslaughter — dangerous unlawful act, causation, Church, Mitchell, Kennedy. Mens rea for the act only.

Adomako four-stage test, duty of care, breach, gross breach, causation. Wacker, Misra, Rose.

Apprehension of immediate unlawful force. Smith v Woking, Ireland, Tuberville v Savage, Constanza. MR: intention/recklessness.

Application of unlawful force. Collins v Wilcock, DPP v K, Haystead v DPP, DPP v Santana-Bermudez. Direct, indirect, and omission battery.

Assault occasioning actual bodily harm under s.47 OAPA 1861. R v Miller [1954], R v Chan-Fook [1994], Savage/Parmenter [1991], R v Roberts, DPP v Smith (Michael) [2006]. ABH meaning, psychiatric injury, constructive intent doctrine. Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

The complete negligence framework. Donoghue v Stevenson, Caparo v Dickman, Robinson v CC of West Yorkshire, Bolam, Bolitho, The Wagon Mound. Duty of care, breach, causation, remoteness, defences (volenti, contributory negligence).

Lawful visitors and trespassers under the Occupiers' Liability Acts 1957 and 1984. Wheat v Lacon, Roles v Nathan, Glasgow Corp v Taylor, Phipps v Rochester Corp, Tomlinson v Congleton BC, Haseldine v Daw. Duty to lawful visitors (OLA 1957 s.2), child visitors, independent contractors, exclusion of liability, duty to trespassers (OLA 1984).

Unlawful interference with the use or enjoyment of land. Hunter v Canary Wharf [1997], Sturges v Bridgman [1879], Christie v Davey [1893], Robinson v Kilvert [1889], Miller v Jackson [1977], Cambridge Water v Eastern Counties Leather [1994]. Interest in land, locality, duration, malice, abnormal sensitivity, social utility, defences (statutory authority, prescription).

The strict liability tort. Bringing or accumulating a dangerous thing on land that is likely to cause harm if it escapes.

Strict liability for the torts of another. When an employer is liable for an employee's wrongful act committed in the course of employment.

The cross-cutting guide to defences and remedies across the entire Tort suite. General defences: contributory negligence (Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945), consent / volenti non fit injuria, illegality / ex turpi causa, necessity, statutory authority, limitation. Remedies: compensatory damages (general and special), aggravated and exemplary damages, injunctions (prohibitory, mandatory, interim, final), abatement, mitigation of loss. Key cases including Froom v Butcher [1976], ICI v Shatwell [1965], Patel v Mirza [2016], Lagden v O'Connor [2003], Sayers v Harlow [1958].

What is law? How law differs from morality, justice, and other rule-systems. Theories of law (positivism, natural law, legal realism), the rule of law (Dicey, Lord Bingham, Joseph Raz), and the Hart-Fuller / Hart-Devlin debates. Key cases: Shaw v DPP, R v R, Re A (Children) (Conjoined Twins). Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

How law differs from morality, and how the two interact. The Hart-Devlin debate (Wolfenden Report, common morality), Hart-Fuller debate (positivism vs natural law), and Mill's harm principle. Key issues: assisted suicide, abortion, consent in violence. Cases: R v Brown [1993], Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993], R (Pretty) v DPP [2001], Shaw v DPP [1962]. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

What is justice? Theories from Aristotle (distributive and corrective justice), Bentham (utilitarianism), Rawls (veil of ignorance, original position), and Nozick (entitlement theory). Substantive vs procedural justice, equity, and miscarriages of justice. Key cases: R v Dudley and Stephens [1884], the Birmingham Six, R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor [2017]. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

How law reflects, shapes, and responds to society. Theories of law and society: Pound's social engineering, Marxist conflict theory, Durkheim's functionalism, and legal realism (Holmes, Llewellyn). Social control mechanisms, the role of pressure groups, and law as a tool for social change. Key examples: R v R [1991], R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice, Equality Act 2010, Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.