A-LEVEL LAW · ALL 30 TOPICS

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Topic 1 · Foundations

General Elements of Criminal Liability

Actus reus, mens rea, causation, strict liability, transferred malice, coincidence. The foundation every other topic builds on.

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Topic 2 · Fatal

Murder

Common-law definition, actus reus, mens rea (express & implied malice). Includes Vickers, Cunningham [1981], AG's Ref No 3 of 1994.

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Topic 3 · Voluntary MS

Loss of Control

Coroners and Justice Act 2009 ss.54–55. Qualifying triggers, normal-person test, post-Clinton sexual-infidelity ruling. Partial defence to murder.

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Topic 4 · Voluntary MS

Diminished Responsibility

Homicide Act 1957 s.2 (as amended by Coroners and Justice Act 2009). The four-element test plus Golds, Wilcocks, Dietschmann.

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Topic 5 · Involuntary MS

Unlawful Act Manslaughter

Constructive manslaughter — dangerous unlawful act, causation, Church, Mitchell, Kennedy. Mens rea for the act only.

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Topic 6 · Involuntary MS

Gross Negligence Manslaughter

Adomako four-stage test, duty of care, breach, gross breach, causation. Wacker, Misra, Rose.

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New · Live Topic 7 · Non-Fatal Offences

Common Assault

Apprehension of immediate unlawful force. Smith v Woking, Ireland, Tuberville v Savage, Constanza. MR: intention/recklessness.

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New · Live Topic 8 · Non-Fatal Offences

Battery

Application of unlawful force. Collins v Wilcock, DPP v K, Haystead v DPP, DPP v Santana-Bermudez. Direct, indirect, and omission battery. Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 9 · Non-Fatal Offences

ABH (s.47)

Assault occasioning actual bodily harm under s.47 OAPA 1861. R v Miller [1954], R v Chan-Fook [1994], Savage/Parmenter [1991], R v Roberts, DPP v Smith (Michael) [2006]. ABH meaning, psychiatric injury, constructive intent doctrine. Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 10 · Non-Fatal Offences

GBH s.20 (unlawful wounding)

Malicious wounding or infliction of grievous bodily harm under s.20 OAPA 1861. Actus reus: wound (both skin layers broken — JJC v Eisenhower) or GBH ("really serious harm" per DPP v Smith, refined by R v Bollom). Mens rea: recklessness — foresight of SOME harm suffices (R v Parmenter, R v Cunningham). Distinction from s.18 (which requires intent to cause GBH). Also covers psychiatric injury via R v Ireland/Burstow. Maximum sentence: 5 years. Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 11 · Non-Fatal Offences

GBH s.18 (with intent)

Grievous bodily harm with intent under s.18 OAPA 1861 — the highest-mens-rea non-fatal offence. Actus reus: wound or GBH (DPP v Smith, R v Ireland/Burstow). Mens rea: intent only (no recklessness) — R v Belfon, R v Nedrick, R v Woollin on oblique intent. Distinction from s.20 GBH. Maximum sentence: life imprisonment. Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 12 · Property Offences

Theft

Theft under s.1 Theft Act 1968 broken into its five elements. Actus reus: appropriation (R v Morris, Lawrence, Gomez, Hinks), property (s.4), belonging to another (s.5, Turner (No 2)). Mens rea: dishonesty (post-Ivey v Genting Casinos [2017] test replacing Ghosh) and intention to permanently deprive (s.6, R v Lloyd, DPP v Lavender). Maximum sentence: 7 years. Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 13 · Property Offences

Robbery

Robbery under s.8 Theft Act 1968 — the four elements. Completed theft, use or threat of force (R v Dawson & James, R v Clouden), immediately before or at the time of stealing (R v Hale), in order to steal (R v Robinson). Distinction from theft and from assault. Maximum sentence: life imprisonment. Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 14 · Property Offences

Burglary

Burglary under s.9(1)(a) and s.9(1)(b) Theft Act 1968 — two distinct offences with shared elements. s.9(1)(a): enter as trespasser with intent to steal, inflict GBH, or cause unlawful damage. s.9(1)(b): enter as trespasser then commit or attempt theft or GBH. Elements: entry (R v Brown, R v Ryan), building or part of building (R v Walkington), as a trespasser (R v Collins, R v Smith and Jones — exceeded permission), and the requisite mens rea. Maximum sentence: 14 years (dwelling), 10 years (non-dwelling). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Negligence · Tort Law

Negligence

The complete negligence framework. Donoghue v Stevenson, Caparo v Dickman, Robinson v CC of West Yorkshire, Bolam, Bolitho, The Wagon Mound. Duty of care, breach, causation, remoteness, defences (volenti, contributory negligence). OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Occupiers' Liability · Tort Law

Occupiers' Liability

Lawful visitors and trespassers under the Occupiers' Liability Acts 1957 and 1984. Wheat v Lacon, Roles v Nathan, Glasgow Corp v Taylor, Phipps v Rochester Corp, Tomlinson v Congleton BC, Haseldine v Daw. Duty to lawful visitors (OLA 1957 s.2), child visitors, independent contractors, exclusion of liability, duty to trespassers (OLA 1984). OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Private Nuisance · Tort Law

Private Nuisance

Unlawful interference with the use or enjoyment of land. Hunter v Canary Wharf [1997], Sturges v Bridgman [1879], Christie v Davey [1893], Robinson v Kilvert [1889], Miller v Jackson [1977], Cambridge Water v Eastern Counties Leather [1994]. Interest in land, locality, duration, malice, abnormal sensitivity, social utility, defences (statutory authority, prescription). OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Rylands v Fletcher · Tort Law

Rylands v Fletcher

The strict liability tort. Bringing or accumulating a dangerous thing on land that is likely to cause harm if it escapes. Rylands v Fletcher [1868], Read v Lyons [1947], Hale v Jennings [1938], Cambridge Water v Eastern Counties Leather [1994], Transco v Stockport [2003], Stannard v Gore [2012]. Non-natural use, accumulation, escape, foreseeability of harm, defences (act of God, act of stranger, statutory authority, consent). OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Vicarious Liability · Tort Law

Vicarious Liability

Strict liability for the torts of another. When an employer is liable for an employee's wrongful act committed in the course of employment. Lister v Hesley Hall [2001], Mohamud v WM Morrison [2016], Cox v Ministry of Justice [2016], Various Claimants v Catholic Child Welfare Society [2012], Mattis v Pollock [2003], Lloyd v Grace, Smith & Co [1912]. Employer-employee relationship (or akin to employment), course of employment, close connection test, frolic of his own, independent contractors. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Defences and Remedies · Tort Law

Defences and Remedies

The cross-cutting guide to defences and remedies across the entire Tort suite. General defences: contributory negligence (Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945), consent / volenti non fit injuria, illegality / ex turpi causa, necessity, statutory authority, limitation. Remedies: compensatory damages (general and special), aggravated and exemplary damages, injunctions (prohibitory, mandatory, interim, final), abatement, mitigation of loss. Key cases including Froom v Butcher [1976], ICI v Shatwell [1965], Patel v Mirza [2016], Lagden v O'Connor [2003], Sayers v Harlow [1958]. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Tort Law). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 25 · Law Making

Parliamentary Law Making

The five stages of a Bill in Parliament (First Reading → Royal Assent). Types of Bill (Public, Private Members', Private, Hybrid). Influences on Parliament, parliamentary sovereignty (Dicey, Pickin v British Railways Board), and evaluation. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Law Making). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 26 · Law Making

Delegated Legislation

Types of delegated legislation (Orders in Council, Statutory Instruments, By-laws). Parliamentary controls (affirmative and negative resolution, scrutiny committees, enabling Acts) and judicial controls (ultra vires — procedural and substantive). Advantages and disadvantages. Key cases: R v Home Secretary, ex parte Fire Brigades Union, Aylesbury Mushroom. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Law Making). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 27 · Law Making

Statutory Interpretation

The four rules — literal, golden, mischief, and purposive. Intrinsic and extrinsic aids to interpretation (long title, headings, Hansard, dictionaries, reports). Presumptions and rules of language (ejusdem generis, expressio unius, noscitur a sociis). Key cases: Whiteley v Chappell, Adler v George, Heydon's Case, Pepper v Hart. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Law Making). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 28 · Law Making

Judicial Precedent

The doctrine of stare decisis. Ratio decidendi vs obiter dicta. Court hierarchy and binding precedent. Original, binding, and persuasive precedent. Avoidance techniques — distinguishing, overruling, reversing. Key authorities: the Practice Statement [1966], Young v Bristol Aeroplane, R v R. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Law Making). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 29 · Law Making

Law Reform

Reasons for law reform and the bodies that shape it. The Law Commission (Law Commissions Act 1965) — repeal, consolidation, codification, and reform projects. Royal Commissions, public inquiries, pressure groups (insider and outsider), and the media as agents of change. Reform-led statutes including the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 and the Fraud Act 2006. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Law Making). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 30 · Law Making

European Union Law

The EU institutions and sources of EU law (Treaties, Regulations, Directives, Decisions). Direct effect (vertical and horizontal) and supremacy. Post-Brexit position under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 and retained EU law framework. Key cases: Van Gend en Loos, Costa v ENEL, Factortame, Marshall v Southampton AHA. OCR H418 Paper 2 (Law Making). Full case index, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 37 · Paper 3 Concepts

Nature of Law

What is law? How law differs from morality, justice, and other rule-systems. Theories of law (positivism, natural law, legal realism), the rule of law (Dicey, Lord Bingham, Joseph Raz), and the Hart-Fuller / Hart-Devlin debates. Key cases: Shaw v DPP, R v R, Re A (Children) (Conjoined Twins). OCR H418 Paper 3 / Section A. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 38 · Paper 3 Concepts

Law and Morality

How law differs from morality, and how the two interact. The Hart-Devlin debate (Wolfenden Report, common morality), Hart-Fuller debate (positivism vs natural law), and Mill's harm principle. Key issues: assisted suicide, abortion, consent in violence. Cases: R v Brown [1993], Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993], R (Pretty) v DPP [2001], Shaw v DPP [1962]. OCR H418 Paper 3 / Section A. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 39 · Paper 3 Concepts

Law and Justice

What is justice? Theories from Aristotle (distributive and corrective justice), Bentham (utilitarianism), Rawls (veil of ignorance, original position), and Nozick (entitlement theory). Substantive vs procedural justice, equity, and miscarriages of justice. Key cases: R v Dudley and Stephens [1884], the Birmingham Six, R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor [2017]. OCR H418 Paper 3 / Section A. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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New · Live Topic 40 · Paper 3 Concepts

Law and Society

How law reflects, shapes, and responds to society. Theories of law and society: Pound's social engineering, Marxist conflict theory, Durkheim's functionalism, and legal realism (Holmes, Llewellyn). Social control mechanisms, the role of pressure groups, and law as a tool for social change. Key examples: R v R [1991], R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice, Equality Act 2010, Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013. OCR H418 Paper 3 / Section A. Full case index, theory comparison tables, AO3 worked answer, RAG-rated revision.

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In the build pipeline: Topics 10–11 Non-Fatal Offences (GBH s.20, GBH s.18) · Property Offences (Theft, Robbery, Burglary, Aggravated Burglary) · General Defences. Bundle holders get every new topic in their category free.
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Every LawByLak module across every OCR paper — Criminal Law, Tort, Law Making, and the Paper 3 Concepts series. All 30 topics for OCR H418 (A-Level) and OCR H018 (AS-Level), in one purchase, for life. Every future OCR topic added free as it ships. Dedicated AQA modules coming soon — in the meantime, the core Criminal Law content substantially covers the AQA 7162 spec.

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Paper 1 · Entry point

Paper 1 Foundation

The two foundation topics every Paper 1 candidate needs — General Elements + Murder. Everything else in Criminal Law builds on these.

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Paper 1 · Fatal offences core

Paper 1 Essentials

General Elements plus every fatal offence and manslaughter — the historical spine of every Paper 1 exam paper. All 6 topics.

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Paper 1 · Complete syllabus

Paper 1 Complete

Every Criminal Law topic — General Elements through Burglary. The complete OCR H418 & AQA Paper 1 Criminal Law syllabus, in one purchase.

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Paper 2 · Complete syllabus

Paper 2 Complete

Both halves of OCR H418 Paper 2 in one bundle — the full 6-module Tort suite plus every Law Making topic. 12 modules total.

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Paper 3 · Concepts series

Paper 3 Essentials

All four OCR H418 Paper 3 Nature of Law modules — the theoretical, essay-heavy paper most students underprep for.

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